Geothermal

For african and middle eastern countries, people are migrating for better living conditions. North American, South American countries and Russia already have good living standards so they want to stay as opposed to working abroad But through NGOs, people, especially younger people have more incentive to work abroad for a short period of time.

The main refugee problem lies around the middle east; especially b/c of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Palestinian refugee camps are dispersed all around in neighbouring countries. Refugees are also in the poorer countries, esp sub-Saharan African countries in Africa due to issues like government instability, problems with ethnicity, climate change, droughts, desertification, poverty, etc. where people have no choice but to take refuge in neighbouring countries.These refugees are under the temporary protection of UNHCR.

Digital divide, global, internet penetration

The actual risk for a country to suffer in a long term from a natural disaster depends on the actual exposure but also on the vulnerability of a society (how can they cope and adapt to the event). Central America as well as big parts of Africa and Asia are at high risk to suffer in a long term from natural disasters.